Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. Origin. Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29: 359365. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Internet Explorer). Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Looking still more closely at the distribution of P303 sub-clades, some distinct patterns emerge in the network (Figure 4). ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. The network was obtained using the biallelic markers P303, M426, L497, U1, M527 and 19 STR loci (DYS19, DYS388, DYS389I, DYS389b, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS439, DYS461 (TAGA counts), DYS385a,b, DYS437, DYS438, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, YGATAH4). Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all G2 subclades represent a small number of haplogroup G men. To obtain In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. Encyclopedia of mtDNA Origins - Discover your maternal lineage. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. Although not exceeding 3% frequency overall, haplogroup G1-M285 reflects a branching event that is phylogenetically equivalent to the more widespread companion G2-P287 branch in the sense that both branches coalesce directly to the root of G-M201. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. Herein . Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. These two reported Pakistani G-M377 haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. The Etruscans: a population-genetic study. The naming of sub-clades is according to YCC nomenclature principles. The authors of the Spanish study indicated that the Avellaner men had rare marker values in testing of their short tandem repeat (STR) markers. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 463470. This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. In contrast to its widely dispersed sister clade defined by P303, hg G-M406 has a peak frequency in Cappadocia, Mediterranean Anatolia and Central Anatolia (67%) and it is not detected in most other regions with considerable P303 frequency. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. There are seeming pockets of unusual concentrations within Europe. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. Specifications for most markers have been previously reported,1, 17, 28 ISOGG 2011 (http://www.isogg.org/tree/). Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Hg G is most common in the Caucasus with a maximum frequency exceeding 70% in North Ossetians,2, 3 decreasing to 13% in Iran4 and then rapidly dissipating further eastward. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. JD and JC were supported by ANR program AFGHAPOP No BLAN07-9_222301. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Rosser ZH, Zerjal T, Hurles ME et al. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. In the G2a3b-P303 network (Figure 4), there are several region-specific clusters, indicating a considerable history for this SNP. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. Spallanzani, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Viola Grugni,Vincenza Battaglia,Carmela Nici,Francesca Crobu,Sena Karachanak,Baharak Hooshiar Kashani&Ornella Semino, Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pavia, Italy, Centro Interdipartimentale Studi di Genere, Universit di Pavia, Pavia, Italy, Unit Mixte de Recherche 6578, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and Etablissement Franais du Sang, Biocultural Anthropology, Medical Faculty, Universit de la Mditerrane, Marseille, France, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia, Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, You can also search for this author in Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ et al. G-P16 is also occasionally present in Northeast Caucasus at lower frequencies (Supplementary Table S1), consistent with a previous report.3 Outside the Caucasus, hg G-P16 occurs at 1% frequency only in Anatolia, Armenia, Russia and Spain, while being essentially absent elsewhere. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. Parent Branch: G-FGC5081 Descendant branch(s): G-Z17084 G-Z45043 FTDNA Tree Link: Link YFull Info. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. The double 19 value situation is not seen in the G2a1 and G2a3 subclades. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. In Egypt, studies have provided information that pegs the G percentage there to be between 2% and 9%. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. Nature 2010; 466: 238242. P257 was first reported in 2008. Almost all haplogroup G1 persons have the value of 12 at short tandem repeat (STR) marker DYS392 and all will have the M285 or M342 SNP mutation which characterizes this group. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. and JavaScript. Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . Keller A, Graefen A, Ball M et al. The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. (2004) Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the . Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Gonzalez AM et al. [7], (Subclades here conform to the Y-DNA SNP definitions used by ISOGG In 2012, several categories found only in one man in research studies were removed from the ISOGG tree causing some renaming. The expansion time of G-M406 in Anatolia is 12800 years ago, which corresponds to climatic improvement at the beginning of the Holocene and the commencement of sedentary hunter-forager settlements at locations, such as Gobekli Tepi in Southeast Anatolia, thought to be critical for the domestication of crops (wheat and barley) that propelled the development of the Neolithic. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. In Europeexcept in Italy G2a2b1 constitutes less than 20% of G samples. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Here we address this issue with a phylogeographic overview of the distribution of informative G sub-clades from South/Mediterranean Europe, Near/Middle East, the Caucasus and Central/South Asia. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Included within G-L91 are some men with double values for STR marker DYS19, but there are also G2a2 men with this finding who are not L91+. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). Eur J Hum Genet 2003; 11: 535542. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Ann Hum Genet 2004; 68: 588599. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. The South Ossetians and Svans generally south of North Ossetia have significant number of G2a1 persons, but population percentages have not yet been provided. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. The phylogenetic relationships of the various sub-haplogroups investigated are shown in Figure 1. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. Semino et al. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. See: Poznik. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. The presence of the SNP P18 mutation characterizes G2a1a's only subclade, G2a1a. The geographic origins of a Y chromosome haplogroup for males can be deciphered from the phylogenetic tree of mankind, or the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree, maintained by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( ISOGG, 2016 ). This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. ), Ancient G-M201s with sequencing[self-published source?] His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing.
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